Modulación multifactorial del estrés sobre el metabolismo secundario en Theobroma cacao y Café arábico: del invernadero al campo y la biodisponibilidad humana
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Theobroma cacao y Café arábico acumulan metabolitos secundarios (MS) que determinan la resiliencia del cultivo, la calidad de la bebida y la salud del consumidor. Se aplicó un diseño de superficie de respuesta Box-Behnken con cuatro factores de estrés simultáneos contenido hídrico del suelo (30–70% de la capacidad de campo, CC), CO? atmosférico (400–800 µmol mol?¹), irradiancia UV-B (0–4 kJ m?² d?¹) y metil jasmonato foliar (0–200 µM) a plántulas de ambas especies durante 21 días. La combinación óptima (55% CC, 600 µmol mol?¹ CO?, 2 kJ m?² d?¹ UV-B, 100 µM MeJA) incrementó los polifenoles totales en un 38% en cacao (42.3 a 58.4 mg EAG g?¹ peso seco) y un 44% en café (68.1 a 98.1 mg EAG g?¹ peso seco). Las ganancias de ácido clorogénico en café alcanzaron el 52% y las de procianidinas en cacao el 31%. Las metilxantinas no resultaron afectadas (<12% de variación). La validación de campo en dos sitios ecuatorianos (250 m y 1.100 m s.n.m.) recuperó entre el 68 y el 72% de los incrementos obtenidos en laboratorio. Un ensayo cruzado aleatorizado doble ciego con 24 participantes demostró Cmax plasmático (0.82 vs. 0.54 µM; P = 0.004) y AUC0–24 (8.4 vs. 5.7 µM·h; P = 0.009) significativamente superiores para catabolitos del ácido clorogénico tras la ingesta de café enriquecido por estrés frente al control. Estos hallazgos proporcionan un marco traslacional para protocolos agronómicos que enriquezcan los perfiles de MS bioactivos en cacao y café.
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