Development of agricultural and aquaculture activities in the economically
active population: Puna Island case.
Desarrollo de actividades agrícolas y acuícolas en la población económicamente activa:
Caso Isla Puna
Jorge Velásquez-Rivera
Master's Degree, Universidad Católica de Santiago de
Guayaquil, Faculty of Technical Education for
Development, Agricultural and Livestock Careers,
Guayaquil, Ecuador. jorge.velasquez02@cu.ucsg.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3500-8403
John Franco-Rodriguez
Master, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil,
School of Technical Education for Development,
Agricultural and Livestock Careers, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
john.franco@cu.ucsg.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
6285-8200
Jesus Meléndez-Rangel
Master's Degree, Universidad Católica de Santiago de
Guayaquil, Faculty of Technical Education for
Development, Agricultural and Livestock Careers,
Guayaquil, Ecuador. jesus.melendez@cu.ucsg.edu.ec,
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8936-5513
Bella Crespo-Moncada
Master's Degree, Universidad Católica de Santiago de
Guayaquil, Faculty of Technical Education for
Development, Agricultural and Livestock Careers,
Guayaquil, Ecuador. bella.crespo@cu.ucsg.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8964-8150
Ema Moreno-Veloz,
Master's Degree, Universidad Católica de Santiago de
Guayaquil, Faculty of Technical Education for
Development, Agricultural and Livestock Careers,
Guayaquil, Ecuador. ema.moreno@cu.ucsg.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7152-8898
José Molina-Villamar
Universidad Técnica de Manabí, C.P. 130103, Portoviejo,
Ecuador. E-mail (VMY) biologia_molina@hotmail.com,
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2893-326X
jorge.velasquez02@cu.ucsg.edu.ec
Abstract
Ecuador is a country with a mega diversity of
natural resources; however, agricultural production
is managed by a large group of people who carry
out their activities under unfavorable conditions,
due to different aspects related to the geographical
area, climate, production mechanisms and
marketing opportunities, which in many cases do
not result in adequate benefits. The skills and
abilities developed in the field are an important
strength for resource management, and training
processes to reinforce them are a priority. The
objective of this research was to analyze the
agricultural and aquaculture activities of the
economically active population of Puná Island. The
methodology was based on a non-experimental
design, of the field type, with a descriptive and
longitudinal level, and a mixed methodological
perspective. A survey was carried out to gather
aspects related to the agricultural and aquaculture
production of this population. The results show that
the economic work force in these areas is based on
the population over 35 years of age, with little
economic income from marketing, especially to
intermediaries.
Keywords: agricultural activities, aquaculture,
commercialization, Puná Island
http://centrosuragraria.com/index.php/revista, Published by: Edwards Deming Institute,
Quito - Ecuador, July - September vol. 1. Num. 9 2021, This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons License, Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es
Received June 10, 2020
Approved: June 15, 2021
2
Resumen
El Ecuador es un país mega diverso en recursos naturales, no obstante, la producción agropecuaria es
manejada por un importante grupo de personas que sobrellevan sus actividades en condiciones
desfavorables, debido a diferentes aspectos que tienen relación con la zona geográfica, clima,
mecanismos de producción y oportunidades de comercialización que en muchos de los casos no resultan
con un beneficio adecuado. Las habilidades y destrezas desarrolladas en el campo son una fortaleza
importante para el manejo de los recursos, y resulta prioritario procesos de capacitación para el refuerzo
de los mismos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar las actividades agrícolas y acuícolas
de la población económicamente activa de la Isla Puná. La metodología se basó en un diseño no
experimental, del tipo de campo, con nivel descriptivo y longitudinal, la perspectiva metodológica
mixta. Se ejecutó una encuesta que reúne aspectos relacionados con la producción agrícola y acuícolas
de esta población. Los resultados evidencian que la fuerza económica de trabajo en estas áreas radica
en la población que supera los 35 años de edad, poco ingreso económico producto de una
comercialización especialmente a intermediarios.
Palabras clave: actividades agrícolas, acuícolas, comercialización, Isla Puná
Introduction
The lack of global sustainability of economic growth and the disparity in its social distribution
reflect the limitations of capitalist society and conventional visions of development
SENPLADES. (2009) which causes underdevelopment marked by increasing poverty, the
reduction of which becomes one of the global goals of the Sustainable Development Goals to
2030 (Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group. 2016, 32).
Ecuador is a country that has a special ecosystem, endowed with a great biological and cultural
biodiversity, a situation favored by the rise of the Andes mountain range, its geographical
location on the equatorial line and the influence of ocean currents on its coasts (Seger, 2020)
However, there are populations that lack productive infrastructure since small-scale farmers
are marginalized in this context and play functional roles within the current dynamics of
agroindustrial companies, there are populations that lack productive infrastructure since small
peasant producers are marginalized in this context and play functional roles within the current
dynamics of agroindustrial companies Martinez (2017) and that despite the existence of first-
hand raw materials, value added is not generated for multiple reasons, among them, the lack of
preparation and/or training accompanied by few economic reactivation processes for being
relegated from investment and development programs at the public and private level (Gudynas,
2016, p. 3).
One of these rural sectors is Puná Island, located in the Pacific Ocean off the southern coast of
Ecuador, has a population of approximately 3344 inhabitants Merizalde et al. (2019) and is
characterized by having a set of islands forming an archipelago, being in the main one the
largest percentage of population that corresponds to two sectors fully identified as the parish
head and the area of Cauchiche, which have different forms of income. The parish headwaters
Velásquez-Rivera et al.
July - September vol. 1. Num. 9 2021
called Puná vieja can be reached by boat from Guayaquil, traveling about an hour, where there
is an itinerary of mobilization controlled by the Navy of Ecuador. Cauchiche or Puná nueva
can be reached through Posorja, which is a shorter boat trip.
Since 2008, Ecuador has undergone a series of political, economic and social transformations
due to the implementation of the new Constitution, which grants full rights (including social
and economic rights) to all citizens, and also obliges the State to prioritize the payment of the
social debt above any other obligation. One of the main problems in the country is the
underdevelopment of certain populations, which have been forgotten by the governments in
power, without the implementation of policies and decisions for change.
With this background, the objective of this research was to analyze the agricultural and
aquaculture activities of the economically active population of Puná Island, with a view to
strengthening their agroindustrial productive capacities. The methodology was based on a non-
experimental design, of the field type, with a descriptive and longitudinal level, and a mixed
methodological perspective. A survey was carried out to gather aspects related to the
agricultural and aquaculture production of this population. The results show that the economic
work force in these areas is based on the population over 35 years of age, little economic
income due to marketing, especially to intermediaries, lack of knowledge of mechanisms to
improve production and/or agro-industrial development, as well as the lack of productive
infrastructure for the storage of agricultural and aquaculture products.
The rural parish of Puná stands out for having an interaction of the territorial and maritime
system that generates importance within the historical and cultural context for the country. The
existence of the pre-Hispanic period in this area, which played an important role during the
Inca invasion and occupation, as well as during the Spanish conquest and colonization, added
to the strategic importance that this sector had for Guayaquil, during the colonial and republican
times, make the island an icon of Ecuadorian history.
In relation to its physical origin as such, several criteria are established, among them that, at
the time of the Quaternary period, the island was part of the continent and then it was reduced
by a rupture of the Puná Isthmus. Another criterion affirms that it is of submarine volcanic
origin; the closest theory is the one that refers to the movement that has been produced for
millions of years by the suspension of the tectonic plates that act in the Pacific area and by the
action of the rivers that flow into the Gulf of Guayaquil.
In the eighties, the shrimp industry began its activities in Puná Island and currently occupies a
large part of this sector, which has led to maintaining an economic dynamic for the city of
Guayaquil and therefore for the country, but not for the parish, since approximately 80% of the
population does not have basic services; therefore, there are limitations in the different areas
of development causing low income which does not allow satisfying the basic needs of
children, youth, adults and the elderly.
4
According to figures from the Central Bank of Ecuador, for the same period, the economic
activities that showed the greatest growth were aquaculture and shrimp fishing with 16.7%.
These data show an important dynamism in this field, which with an enterprising vision could
change the social and economic panorama on the island, since the food processing industry,
such as fish, seafood and others, offers an integral service in its processing operations, which
adopts an efficient procedure with the help of a work program with friendly technologies for
the prevention of the environment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
The new configuration of food distribution is associated with a greater role of trading
companies in the markets of origin, especially for fresh consumer products, and has been
conditioning, in recent years, the business behaviors of these entities, with important
implications on their results in terms of growth, profitability or value creation. This fact is
determining the emergence of strategic and business policy changes of marketing entities,
especially those of an associative or cooperative nature (Martínez, 2017, p. 23) Value chains
linked to urban markets and agribusiness offer new opportunities to add value and increase
rural incomes Thiele et al., (2011). In a value chain, novelty must be considered, which is
directly related to technology as it allows the development of new proposals; other important
elements are increased yield, design quality and product accessibility to customers for purchase
(Víquez et al., 2017).
Ecuador is at an opportune moment for the implementation of concrete strategies to promote a
dynamic system of entrepreneurship through the joint work of the four key axes of the
economy: academia, and the public, private and civic sectors Sandoval et al., (2020).
Materials and methods
The present research comprises a non-experimental design, of the field type, with a descriptive
and longitudinal level, mixed methodological perspective (Moreira, 2002, p. 34). For the study,
the application of surveys directed to the economically active population of the agricultural and
aquaculture sector was considered in order to establish information on the current situation of
the producers. A survey was organized with three components: first, basic information on the
producer's profile, business, products that generate the greatest income, marketing and
destination. The second and third components refer to data related to the management of
agricultural and aquaculture production, respectively. This consideration was taken into
account because there are producers who carry out each activity independently and others who
carry out both. Table 1 shows the number of questions established for each component.
Velásquez-Rivera et al.
July - September vol. 1. Num. 9 2021
Table 1. Number of survey questions
Component
Subcomponents
No. of
questions
Producer
Producer profile
Business profile
Products and revenues
Marketing and destination
5
Agricultural management
Physical description of the property
Soil and water aspects
Pest and pesticide management
Agro-industrial processing
5
5
Aquaculture management
Species capture
The survey approach used combinations of diatonic and open-ended questions, seeking to
obtain as much information as possible. Table 2 shows the group of questions used in the first
component (Producer).
Table 2. Producer component questions
Component
Sub
component
Ask
Producer
Producer profile
What is your age?
What is the level of education?
Business profile
What year did you start as a producer?
Is the business inherited?
Do you work alone?
Who in your family works with you?
Do you work for third parties?
What are the sources of financing for your
business?
What resources do you have?
Products and
revenues
What are the most important products you
produce?
What is the quantity and selling price of
each of the products it produces or captures?
6
Do you use any type of packaging for
product delivery?
Do you perform additional processes to the
products and what are they?
What are the reasons for not venturing into
the production of handmade and/or
processed products?
Are you interested in venturing into the
production of processed products?
Marketing and
destination
What is the destination of your products?
How do you distribute the products?
What is the location of wholesale
customers?
What is the location of retail customers?
What are the main obstacles to getting your
products to the point of sale?
Table 3 shows the questions for the second component (agricultural production management).
Table 3. Agricultural production management component questions
Component
Sub
component
Ask
Agricultural
production
management
Physical
description of the
property
What is the productive purpose of your
land?
How much land do you own?
Do you have irrigation infrastructure?
What is the experience in agricultural work?
What are the tools you use in the field?
Soil and water
aspects
What is the soil type of your land?
What is the topography of your land?
What is the type of production management:
organic or with chemical agents?
Is your land contaminated?
What are the main problems in agricultural
production?
Have you performed any laboratory
analysis of your land?
What are the farm's water sources?
Velásquez-Rivera et al.
July - September vol. 1. Num. 9 2021
Pest and pesticide
management
What are the types of pests present in your
crops?
What type of treatment is applied for pests?
Do you have specific equipment for pest
treatment?
What type of product is applied to prevent
disease progression?
What do you do with the containers of
chemicals you no longer use?
Agro-industrial
production
Do you know about raw material
transformation processes? Do you pack
your production on the farm?
Is there collection and/or processing
infrastructure for agricultural production?
Table 4 presents the questions for the third component (aquaculture production management).
Table 4. Aquaculture production management component questions
Component
Sub
component
Ask
Aquaculture
production
management
Is there infrastructure for the collection,
packaging and/or processing of captured
species?
What materials or equipment are used for
the storage of fishery products?
Do you perform any pre-treatment of the
fish product prior to marketing?
Do you recognize the species that are
closed?
The surveys were reviewed by a group of professors from the Agricultural, Agroindustry and
Marketing careers of the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil and then validated by
the Vice Rectorate of Liaison. The sample size was calculated using the finite population
formula (Alcahúd et al., 2011), (Barros-Bastidas & Gebera, 2020) used for populations of less
than 100,000 inhabitants; 20% of the total economically active population (EAP) was taken as
the basis for the calculation. The execution of the surveys was random, taking into account two
main sectors: the parish capital and the Cauchiche area. The data used for this research were
the following:
N = Total population: 1,444 producers (20 % of EAP)
8
Zα = 1.96 squared (at 95 % confidence).
p = expected proportion (in this case 50 % = 0.50).
q = 1 - p (in this case 1-0.50 = 0.50).
d = precision (5 %).
Simple random sampling. Two specific populations: Old Puná and New Puná.
Inclusion criteria: Agricultural and aquaculture producers.
Replacing these values in the above formula gives the following result:
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Once the surveys were completed, the results were tabulated using Excel 10.0 software (USA),
generating Tables and Figures for the interpretation of the information.
Result
Of the 304 producers surveyed, 65.13% (198) were in the fishing sector, 23.68% in the
agricultural sector (106) and 11.18% (34) were engaged in both activities. Only 56.58% of the
producers are affiliated with an association. Table 5 shows the age of the respondents.
Table 5. Age of producers.
AGE OF
PRODUCERS
(years)
NUMBER OF
PRODUCERS
(%)
15 a 19
2.96
20 a 24
9.87
25 a 29
7.24
30 a 34
6.58
31 a 34
1
0.33
35 a 39
28
9.21
40 a 44
17.76
45 a 49
11.84
50 a 54
8.88
55 a 59
7.57
60 a 64
5.26
65 or more
12.5
TOTAL
100 %
Velásquez-Rivera et al.
July - September vol. 1. Num. 9 2021
67.76 % of the producers are 35 years of age or older. 32.24 % of the producers are in other
age ranges. 86.18 % of the farmers have a basic education; while 10.53 % have no formal
education, 1.32 % have attended literacy centers and only 1.97 % attend or attended university.
Regarding the business profile, in general, 50.99 % of the producers work independently and
49.01 % work for a third party. Of the total number of independent producers, 52.96% work
with the family and 47.03% work alone. Of those surveyed, 50.33% stated that the business
they currently own was inherited, while 49.67% indicated that it was not, and most of them
indicated that they have been doing this type of activity for more than 20 years. Table 6 shows
the percentages corresponding to the number of producers who work with family members.
Table 6. Details of producers working with family members.
RELATIONSHIP
(%)
Son (a)
Another
Sibling
Spouse
Nephew (a)
TOTAL
29.95
27.80
21.93
17.65
2.67
100 %
Of the independent producers who have help from a relative, 93.09 % indicate that their
relatives do not receive any remuneration and only in 6.91 % of the cases do they receive
remuneration. 79.68 % of the producers work with their children, siblings or other relatives;
17.65 % work with their spouse, and 2.67 % with their nephews and nieces.
Table 7 shows the type of financing received by the producer. 65.13% of the producers have
their own sources of financing, the rest are financed through: informal sources, producer
associations, banks, cooperatives, among others.
37.73 % of the farmers have only various work tools, 22.09 % have boats, 15.64 % have land
without construction and 6.44 % have land with construction.
The income obtained in the commercialization processes of agricultural and aquaculture
products, respectively, is reported in general terms. The first agricultural product is cherimoya,
with an average production of 47 boxes per month and a selling price of $8.90 per box. The
monthly income of the people involved in this activity is around $ 295.20. The second
agricultural product is pitahaya; its average production is 500 units per month, with a selling
price of $ 0.35 per unit. The monthly income of the people involved in this activity is
approximately $ 200.00. The third agricultural product is watermelon; its average production
is 70 units per month, with a selling price of $ 1.35 per unit. The monthly income of the people
10
involved in this activity is $ 155.00. Regarding aquaculture production, the most important
product is fish, with an average production of 247 pounds per month, with a selling price of $
1.84 per pound. The monthly income of the people involved in this activity is approximately $
400.87.
The second product is crab, with an average production of 55 bundles per month, with a selling
price of $8 per bundle. The monthly income of the people involved in this activity is
approximately $ 399.72. The third product is shrimp; its average production is 208 pounds per
month, with a selling price of $ 2 per pound. The monthly income of the people involved in
this activity is approximately $ 370.21.
In fourth place is the conch, with an average production of 3,000 units per month, with a selling
price of $ 0.10 per unit. The monthly income of the people involved in this activity is $ 319.44.
Additional product information:
a) The producers surveyed do not use any type of packaging for product delivery.
b) 91.20 % of the producers stated that they do not carry out additional processes to the
products, while 8.80 % indicated that they do. The main additional processes carried out
by producers are:
• 35 % salted and packaged.
• 5.28 % washed.
• 1.41% frozen.
• 0.70 % other processes: sweets and natural juices.
c) The reasons given for not venturing into the production of handmade and/or processed
products are as follows:
• 21.05 % of producers due to lack of knowledge of technical processes.
• 14.55 % due to lack of equipment and work tools.
• 13.70 % due to insufficient human resources.
• 13.56 % due to lack of knowledge of commercial processes.
• 12.43 % due to lack of knowledge of legal processes.
• 11.44 % due to lack of credit lines.
• 6.50 % due to lack of physical space.
• 6.78 % for other reasons.
d) 88.03 % of the producers said they were interested in entering into the production of
processed products. The rest were indifferent.
The experience in agricultural work of the surveyed farmers is presented. It should be noted
that the total number of farmers is 10650% of the farmers use a machete as their main work
tool; 15% use only a rake; the rest of the farmers use one or more tools for their work and only
2.83% use agricultural machinery. 42.45% of the farmers said that the type of soil on their
property was clayey; 16.04% were sandy; the rest were combinations of the different types and
Velásquez-Rivera et al.
July - September vol. 1. Num. 9 2021
6.60% could not define a soil type. 34.91 % of the producers indicate that the land where they
work is mostly semi-flat; 28.30 % flat; 12.26 % undulated and 9.43 % sloping, which indicates
the irregularity of the topography of the arable land. The 83.02 % of the agricultural producers
assured to carry out an organic production, while, 15 % use chemical agents; the rest of the
producers combine the organic with the chemical.
83.50 % of the farmers reported having clean soil, while 17.50 % have contaminated soil,
caused by the presence of manure and chemical agents. Likewise, 23.58% of them indicated
that the main problems of the soil are pests and low fertility; 10.38% identified low fertility as
the main problem, followed by soil salinization and soil erosion (9.43% in each case). The
other producers also mentioned the low presence of organic matter and soil compaction.
83.96% of the farmers have not performed any type of soil analysis; only 14.15% have
diagnosed fertility and 1.89%, in addition to fertility, have analyzed soil microbiology; the
analysis has been performed once a year.44.34% of the farmers obtain water from wells; other
farmers obtain water from two or more sources such as lagoons, by harvesting and piles, which
depend on the rainy season. The lack of fresh water is one of the fundamental problems on the
island. 8.49% do not define a source of water because they mention that it depends on
availability. 91.51% reported that they always use this water source in the dry season, with rain
being the main primary source.
72.64 % of the producers use environmentally friendly methodologies such as manual, cultural
and biological practices, considered organic. 11.32 % do not use any management at all. The
remaining group of producers, which amounts to approximately 15 %, use chemicals for pest
elimination such as gramoxone, malathion, supermethrin and others. Approximately 83.02 %
of the producers do not use chemical pest control agents; 6.60 % discard the containers; 5.66
% bury them and 4.72 % burn the containers.
About 86.79% of the agricultural producers do not know about raw material transformation
processes, who stated that they do not pack their production on the farm and assured that there
is no storage and/or processing infrastructure for agricultural production. The type of fishing
gear used by the surveyed fishermen is shown. It should be noted that the total number of
aquaculture producers is 198. 57.07% of the aquaculture producers use nets to catch the
different species; 15.66% use fishing lines and hooks; 11.62% use hooks; 8.59% use manual
extraction; and 7.07% use traps and pots.
A total of 97.47% of the surveyed producers involved in aquaculture activities stated that there
is no infrastructure for the collection, packaging and/or processing of captured species and that
46.97% of them use ice chests for storage and approximately 28% use sacks and crates
(especially shells and mangrove species) for this process, without prior treatment.
53.03 % of the aquaculture producers recognize the species that are banned because of their
reproductive status, 31.82 % because of their size, 5.56 % because of both cases and 9.60 %
do not know.
12
Conclusions
67.76% of the producers are 35 years of age or older, 86.18% have a basic education, 65.13%
of the respondents are engaged in fishing as their main activity and 56.58% of the producers
say they are affiliated with an association. Most of them have been involved in this activity for
more than 20 years. Fifty-one percent of the producers work independently; slightly more than
half of these producers work with an average of two family members. Only 6.91% of the cases
of family members-collaborators receive remuneration for their work, and 65.13% of the
producers say that they work with their own financing and 10.86% recognize that they have
access to informal sources of financing. According to the income they represent for the
producers, the most important seafood product is fish and the main agricultural product is
cherimoya. Of those surveyed, 91.20% do not carry out any additional processing of the
products they market. The main destination of 83.88% of the respondents' products is Puná
Island, and only 13.49% of the respondents market their products nationally. In general, there
is no knowledge of the processing of raw materials, and there is no appropriate infrastructure
for the collection, packaging and processing of agricultural and aquaculture products.
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