Nutritional evaluation of savoy grass (Panicum
máximum) varieties, mombaza, tanzania and
zuri, 35 days after harvest
Evaluación nutricional del pasto saboya (Panicum
máximum) variedades, mombaza, tanzania y zuri, a los 35
días de cosecha
William Andrés Iglesias Obando
1
Luis Jonier Méndez López
2
Ángel Fabricio Cedeño Boada
3
Viviana Antonia Chávez Cedeño
4
Charles David Moran Rivas
5
Abstract: This study was framed within the research line of the
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences entitled: production, management
and sustainable development of agricultural, livestock and forestry
products with an ecosystem approach. In addition, it was aligned with
the sub-line of the Animal Husbandry career: local, regional and
national integrated livestock development and management. The
genera Panicum máximum varieties such as Mombaza, Tanzania and
Zuri have been introduced in different regions of the country with
success and failure because they have been established in regions with
totally different climate, soil and topography characteristics, which
generates low productivities. The objective of this work was to study
the bromatological performance of three cultivars of Panicum
maxima varieties (Mombaza, Tanzania and Zuri). A completely
randomized repeated block design with subplots was used, with three
treatments and three replications. The cut was made 35 days after
harvest to determine crude protein, crude fiber and dry matter. The
following results were obtained. The proximal bromatological
analysis showed that the highest percentage of protein was obtained
by zuri grass (13.44) CP. In the fiber ratio, the one that stood out best
was Mombaza grass, which reached (35.20) FC. And the one that
obtained the best dry matter percentage was the Zuri variety with
(19.95) DM. In the protein-carbohydrate ratio, the Zuri grass achieved
the highest yield of CP with 13.44%, while the Mombaza grass in
crude fiber with 31.02%.
Key words: grasses, forages, protein, bromatological composition,
Panicum maximum, mombaza, tanzania, zuri.
Published
Instituto Tecnológico Superior Edwards
Deming. Quito – Ecuador
Periodicity
July - September
Vol. 1, Num. 22, 2024
pp. 15-29
http://centrosuragraria.com/index.php/revista
Dates of receipt
Received: January 22, 2024
Approved: February 12, 2024
Correspondence author
william.iglesias@utelvt.edu.ec
Creative Commons License
Creative Commons License, Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International.https://creativecommons.org/lice
nses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es
Luis Vargas Torres Technical University of
Esmeraldas; william.iglesias@utelvt.edu.ec ;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3648-513X
Luis Vargas Torres Technical University of
Esmeraldas; luis.mendez@utelvt.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-3517
Luis Vargas Torres Technical University of
Esmeraldas; angel.cedeno@utelvt.edu.ec;
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-8319
Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de
Esmeraldas ; viviana.chavez@utelvt.edu.ec;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8033-8081
Luis Vargas Torres Technical University of
Esmeraldas; charles.moran.rivas@utelvt.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6270-8782
Nutritional evaluation of savoy grass (Panicum máximum) varieties, mombaza,
tanzania and zuri, 35 days after harvest.
16
Resumen: Este estudio se enmarcó dentro de la línea de investigación
de la facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias titulada: producción, manejo
y desarrollo sustentable de los productos agrícolas, pecuarios y
forestales con enfoque de ecosistema. Además, se alineó con la sub
línea de la carrera de Zootecnia: desarrollo y manejo pecuario integral
local, regional y nacional. Los géneros Panicum máximum variedades
como Mombaza, Tanzania y Zuri se han introducido en diferentes
regiones del país con éxito y fracaso debido a que se han establecido
en regiones con características de clima, suelo y topografía totalmente
distintas, lo cual genera bajas productividades. El objetivo de este
trabajo fue estudiar el comportamiento bromatológico de tres
cultivares de Panicum máximum variedades (Mombaza, Tanzania y
Zuri). Se realizó un diseño en bloque repetidos completamente azar
con subparcelas, con tres tratamientos y tres repeticiones, el corte se
lo realizo a los 35 días de cosecha, para determinar proteína cruda,
fibra cruda y materia seca. Donde fueron obtenidos los siguientes
resultados. El análisis bromatológico proximal demostró que el mayor
porcentaje de proteína lo obtiene el pasto zuri (13,44) PC. En la
relación de fibra la que mejor se destaco fue el pasto Mombaza que
alcanza (35,20) FC. Y la que mejor porcentaje de materia seca obtiene
es la variedad Zuri con (19,95) MS. Relación proteína – carbohidrato,
el pasto Zuri alcanzo el mayor rendimiento de PC con el 13,44%,
mientras que el pasto Mombaza en fibra cruda con 31,02%.
Palabras claves: Gramíneas, forrajes, proteína, composición
bromatológica, Panicum maximum, mombaza, tanzania, zuri.
Introduction
Pastures and forage in Ecuador are an important sector in its economy,
since they occupy most of the country's usable land area between
natural and cultivated pastures, in addition to the fact that the
environmental conditions are favorable for producing pasture all year
round, with no harsh winters as in Europe, nor the extreme droughts of
Africa where the climate forces the confinement of livestock. (León,
Bonifaz, & Francisco, 2018)..
Arellano (2022) indicated that, in order to increase the productive
efficiency of pastures, it is necessary to face several challenges such as:
adapting forage species to different environmental conditions,
July - September vol. 1. Num. 22 - 2024
17
improving grazing production systems, improving knowledge about the
productive potential of pastures, about limiting conditions, and
highlighting the importance of irrigation systems in the management of
grazing systems. (Anchundia Torres, 2021).
Livestock productivity depends on four fundamental factors such as the
adequate management, which is the type of pasture and animal load;
then the physical and nutritional characteristics of the soil (texture,
structure, real density, depth, pH, percentage of organic matter and
nutrients); the climate (precipitation, relative humidity and
temperature) and finally the feed, which is nothing more than the type
of feed in sufficient quantities and of good quality (Arellano, 2022).
(Arellano, 2022).
Panicum has demonstrated that it is able to adapt to extreme conditions,
it represents a very hardy grass that supports extensive grazing;
however, it does not maintain a balance of production throughout the
year.
With the introduction of varieties such as Mombaza, Tanzania and Zuri,
breeding expectations are generated; however, it is necessary to study
this genus and from the results obtained, incorporate appropriate
technologies for its optimization. (Macias, Vargas, Solorzano,
Mendoza, & Intriago, 2019)..
The low productivity of soils in the Ecuadorian tropics limits forage
production, which makes it difficult to meet the nutritional needs of
grazing and cutting animals. The constant search for promising forage
species that contribute to meeting the nutritional needs of livestock
during the dry season should be a priority, taking into account the agro-
ecological conditions of the country. Other limiting factors of low
forage productivity are: low fertility, soil acidity, poor drainage, lack of
planning for pasture improvement. This affects the adaptability and
persistence of the species. Another problem that affects the
development of livestock in the country is the lack of knowledge on the
part of the farmer of ecotypes and forage species that improve
productivity and yield. (Arellano, 2022).
The fundamental basis of all agricultural production is the feeding of
our animals and even more important is to provide very good quality
food taking into account that the feed is palatable and nutritious in order
to obtain the greatest benefits from it; Mombaza, Tanzania and Zuri
grass currently show very good characteristics for cattle feeding,
highlighting its good adaptability to various conditions of the tropics
Nutritional evaluation of savoy grass (Panicum máximum) varieties, mombaza,
tanzania and zuri, 35 days after harvest.
18
and great capacity of animal load, they are able to achieve a high
production of dry matter, Mombaza (53 t / y) Tanzania (19 to 20 t / y)
Zuri (21 t / y).
The purpose of the research is justified by providing information on the
nutritional characteristics of Mombaza, Tanzania and Zuri grasses.
Materials and methods
The research was conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
School of Animal Husbandry, Technical University "Luis Vargas
Torres" of Esmeraldas, Mutile Campus, located at km 18, San Mateo
parish, Esmeraldas canton, Ecuador, with an average annual
temperature of 28 ºC and an altitude of 26 m.a.s.l. latitude: 0.974063 /
longitude: -79.653489.
Characteristics of the experimental units.
Table 1. Test dimensions
TOTAL TEST AREA
376 m
2
TOTAL AREA PER PLOT
120 m
2
(15*8 m)
DISTANCE BETWEEN
SUBPLOTS
1 m
EXPERIMENTAL UNIT AREA
40 m
2
(8*5 m)
Source: author
A completely randomized design with three treatments and three
replications was applied, where the treatments were the varieties and
the replications were the subdivisions of the plots.
Variables
Independent variables
• Grass varieties: Mombaza, Tanzania and Zuri.
Dependent variables
July - September vol. 1. Num. 22 - 2024
19
• Chemical composition: percentage of protein, fiber, dry matter,
protein-carbohydrate ratio.
Trial management
The experimental area was inspected, where the experimental units
were established, then a weed control was carried out. The pasture plots
were established on the indicated dates, complying with the 1 m
spacing. The pastures were cut after 35 days, taking samples of green
matter, which were sent to the laboratory for bromatological analysis.
3. Result
Of the percentage of crude protein:
The nutritive value of the grasses and forages is based on their protein
content. At 35 days after harvest, the grass that obtained the highest
protein yield, with an average of 13.44% in Zuri grass, followed by
Mombaza grass with 9.98% in crude protein and finally Tanzania grass
with an average of 9.02% protein.
Table 2. Proximal bromatological evaluation in the three varieties of
Panicum, cut 35 days.
Protein percentage
Base
bromatological composition
Mombaza
Tanzania
Zuri
Dry
%
%
%
9,98
9,02
13,44
Source: Agrolab
The results of Anchundia J. (2021), showed that Zuri grass, reached an
average of 11.2% crude protein without fertilizer, a value LOWER than
that of the present research, which obtained 13.44%, values that are
within those obtained by Embrapa (2014) with a crude protein content
of 11 to 15%, respectively.
Fierro J. (2018) showed that Mombaza grass is a forage species of high
nutritional value and high digestibility, where it reached a protein
Nutritional evaluation of savoy grass (Panicum máximum) varieties, mombaza,
tanzania and zuri, 35 days after harvest.
20
content at 9.1% at 35 days, value LOWER than that of this research that
obtained an average of 9, 98%, this is due to the difference of nutrients
available in the soil, which in different climatic conditions may vary.
Likewise, Ortega A, et al, (2015) showed that the Tanzania grass,
reached 10.68%, of protein value SIMILAR to the present research with
9.02% PC.
In an investigation conducted at 30 days after the cut-off date by
(Andadre, Vivas, Parraga, & Mendoza, 2020)the protein content was
16.79% in the Tanzania grass, HIGHER than in this research with
9.02% at 35 days.
At 70 days, Carrillo A, (2015) A,) through his research indicated that
Monbaza grass reported an average of 4.3% protein content, a value
LOWER than the present research where 9.98% was obtained at 35
days of harvest.
Crude fiber
With respect to the crude fiber content of the Panicum grasses, at 35
days of regrowth, the one with the highest content was Mombaza grass
with 35.20% of crude fiber, followed by Tanzania with 34.00% and the
last one was Zuri with 33.70% of crude fiber.
Table 3. Percentage of fiber
Of the percentage of crude fiber
Base
bromatological composition
Mombaza
Tanzania
Zuri
Dry
%
%
%
35,2
34
33,7
Source: Agrolab
Pilco (2017) In his research on the agronomic behavior and nutritional
value of Panicum varieties indicates that the highest level of fiber is
obtained by Mombaza grass with 41.80% at 25 days HIGHER than this
July - September vol. 1. Num. 22 - 2024
21
research with 35.20% at 35days, likewise he mentions that Panicum
Tanzania reaches values of 32.50% crude fiber, values LOWER
reported by this research with 35.20%.
On the other hand, Mosquera B. A., (2022) presents a table showing the
results of the bromatological analysis component of Panicum BRS Zuri
where the amount of crude fiber obtained is 38.62% at 45 days of
harvest HIGHER than that of the present research which reaches
33.50% at 35 days of harvest.
In a research conducted at 45 days by Conrado C., (2015) using organic
fertilizers, the level of crude fiber reached by Mombaza grass is 25.70%
LOWER than that of this research, which obtained an average of
35.20% at 35 days, significant results.
Erazo (2014) indicates that based on his research conducted on the
bromatological composition of Panicum maximum Tanzania using
slaughterhouse residues the level of fiber that reached at 45 days of
cutting was 30.71%, being LOWER than that obtained in this research
without using any type of fertilizer with 34.00% at 35 days of harvest.
Dry matter
Table 4 . Percentage of dry matter
Of the percentage of DM
Base
bromatological composition
Mombaza
Tanzania
Zuri
Dry
%
%
%
17,41
15,7
19,95
Source: Agrolab
Cedeño A. et al. (2021) indicated through their research that for the dry
matter yield of the Tanzania cultivar variety at 30 days, they obtained
22.93% and for Mombaza 24.00%, results SIMILAR to those reported
in this research, which indicate values of 15.2% for the Tanzania variety
and 17.7% for Mombaza at 35 days of harvest.
Nutritional evaluation of savoy grass (Panicum máximum) varieties, mombaza,
tanzania and zuri, 35 days after harvest.
22
Heredia J., et al. (2022), showed that Mombaza grass reported an
average dry matter of 17.6% at 30 days of harvest, results SIMILAR to
those of this research, which reached values of 17.7% at 35 days of
cutting.
In an investigation by Chávez G, et al. (2021) showed that Zuri grass
reached a dry matter content of 33.22% using 4 seeding densities, a
result SUPERIOR to that of this investigation with 19.95% at 35 days
of cutting.
Protein - Carbohydrate ratio
With respect to the crude protein content of Panicum maxima; without
fertilizer, at 35 days after harvest, the highest content was Zuri grass
with 13.44% CP, while Panicum Mombaza obtained the best crude fiber
content of 35.2%.
Table 5 protein-carbohydrate ratio
Base
protein-carbohydrate ratio
Mombaza
Tanzania
Zuri
Dry
PC %
PC
FC
PC % PC
FC
PC % PC
FC
9,98
32,2
9,02
34
13,44
33,7
Source: Agrolab
In a research conducted by Santillan J., (2017) reports that the crude
protein content of Mombaza grass is 7.16% LOWER than those
reported by this research that reaches values of 9.98% at 35 days of
harvest, while crude fiber obtained results of 43.54% HIGHER than
those presented this research with percentages of 35.2%. Likewise, it
mentions that the crude protein of the Tanzania grass obtained 5.58%,
which is LESS than the result obtained in this research with 9.02%,
while the crude fiber mentioned that it contains 32.09% SIMILAR to
those of this research with 34.00% at 35 days of cutting.
July - September vol. 1. Num. 22 - 2024
23
Pilco L. (2017) evidenced that Mombaza grass at 50 days reached a
crude protein content whose value was 16.62% HIGHER than those of
this research, on the other hand, the value of crude fiber that reached
was 42.22% value HIGHER than that of this research that reached
35.2% at 35 days of cutting.
On the other hand, Mosquera B.(2022) showed that Zuri grass had a CP
content of 11.02% LOWER than that of the present study with 13.44%;
on the other hand, crude fiber reached 38.62%, a value HIGHER than
that of this study with 33.07%.
Cornejo S. et al. (2019) mention that, the results obtained in their
research where through a bromatological analysis of the Tanzania grass
at the age of 30 days evidenced the percentage in crude protein of
12.84% SIMILAR to this research with 9.02% at 35 days, likewise the
crude fiber reached an average 31.32% result SIMILAR to this research
with 34.00%.
4. Conclusions
According to the results obtained in the bromatological analyses, the
following conclusions were reached.
The proximal bromatological analysis concluded that the highest
percentage of crude protein was obtained by the Zuri grass with
13.44%, and the highest presence of dry matter was also obtained by
the Zuri grass with 19.95%.
The crude fiber content of Mombaza grass was higher than that of the
other Panicum varieties.
Under the conditions in which this work was carried out and based on
the results obtained, it can be concluded that the high variability in
crude protein and crude fiber content among the varieties of Panicum
máximum studied, indicates a variety of responses in the results of
bromatological analysis. In which the Panicum máximum genotype that
stood out for its higher crude protein content was the Zuri grass with
13.44%, and the Mombaza grass also stood out for its high crude fiber
content, which was 35.2%.
Nutritional evaluation of savoy grass (Panicum máximum) varieties, mombaza,
tanzania and zuri, 35 days after harvest.
24
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