Use of organic fertilizers in the production of
Capsicum annuum L. in the western mountain
range of the Andes
Uso de abonos orgánicos en la producción de Capsicum annuum
L. en la cordillera occidental de Los Andes
Esthela Elizabeth Corrales Sillo
1
Gregorio Humberto Vásconez Montufar
2
Mariana del Roció Reyes Bermeo
3
Ana Lucia Espinoza Coronel
4
Abstract: At present, there is an increasing pressure to reduce the
chemical load in plant-based foods, a situation especially driven by
European consumers, so it is urgent to develop clean production
practices such as the use of organic fertilizers in crop production. The
present study aimed to determine the effect of the edaphic dose of
earthworm humus and water hyacinth in bell pepper production used
as organic fertilizers. The research was carried out at the Experimental
Center "La Playita", Technical University of Cotopaxi, La Maná
Extension, located at 120 m above sea level. Two organic fertilizers
were evaluated in doses of 1.0; 2.5; 3.0; 5.0; 6.0; 7.5 and 8.0 kg-m-²
established in a randomized block design. The variables evaluated
were: plant height (cm), number of fruits and fruit biomass (g),
recorded during six years. The result of the 5 and 8 kg-m-² dosages
allowed a better development and production of the pimento crop with
organic fertilizer, water hyacinth. In conclusion, it is necessary to
nourish a soil based on the soil and compost analysis where the exact
dosage of organic matter required by a soil can be rescued.
in urban-marginal and rural areas of the province of Guayas
(Ecuador). By means of an applied study with a qualitative,
quantitative, field, descriptive-prospective-analytical-transversal
approach, fecal samples of humans and their domestic dogs from the
indicated areas will be analyzed, in order to know: The relationship
between the environment-helminths-and hosts, prevalence of
neglected intestinal helminthiases, zoonotic association,
characterization of environmental variables, specification of social
determinants of health and generate scientific production.
Keywords: crop; effects; growth indicators; production; treatments.
Published
Edwards Deming Higher Technological
Institute. Quito - Ecuador
Periodicity
October - December
Dates of receipt
Received: June 22, 2023
Approved: September 10, 2023
http://centrosuragraria.com/index.php/revista
vol. 1. Num. 19. 2023.
pp. 24-37
Correspondence author
roberto.coellope@ug.edu.ec
Creative Commons License
Creative Commons License, Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International.https://creativecommons.org/lice
nses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es
1
Msc. Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi Extensión La Maná Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales Av. Los Almendros
y Pujili, esthela.corrales9053@utc.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5008-9213
2
Msc.Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias y Biológicas km 7 ½ vía Mocache Los Ríos, Ecuador
gvasconez@uteq.edu.ec https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-8075
3
Msc.Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales Av. Quito km 1 ½ vía a Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas
Los Ríos, Ecuador, mreyes@uteq.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5100-2098
4
Msc.Instituto Superior Tecnológico Ciudad de Valencia Dirección parroquia San Cristóbal km 3,5 vía Valencia sector El Pital
investigacion@itscv.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6119-3796
October - December vol. 1. Num. 19 - 2023
25
Resumen: En la actualidad se ha incrementado la presión de reducir
la carga química en los alimentos de origen vegetal, situación
especialmente impulsada por los consumidores europeos, por lo que
es urgente el desarrollo de prácticas de producción limpia como el uso
de abonos orgánicos en la producción de cultivos. El presente estudio
pretendió determinar el efecto de la dosis edáfica de humus de lombriz
y jacinto de agua en producción de pimiento utilizado como abonos
orgánicos. La investigación se llevó a cabo en el Centro Experimental
“La Playita”, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Extensión La Maná,
localizado a 120 msnm. Se evaluaron dos abonos orgánicos en dosis
de 1,0; 2,5; 3,0; 5,0; 6,0; 7,5 y 8,0 kg·m-² establecido en un diseño de
bloques al azar. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta (cm),
número de frutos y biomasa del fruto (g), registradas durante seis
años. El resultado de las dosificaciones 5 y 8 kg·m-² permitió un mejor
desarrollo y producción del cultivo de pimento con abono orgánico,
jacinto de agua. En conclusión, es necesario nutrir un suelo basándo
en el análisis de suelo y abono donde se puede rescatar la dosificación
exacta de materia orgánica que requiere un suelo.
desatendidas en zonas urbanomarginales y rurales de la provincia del
Guayas (Ecuador). Mediante un estudio aplicado con enfoque
cualitativo, cuantitativo, de campo, descriptivo-prospectivo-analítico-
transversal, se analizarán muestras fecales de humanos y de sus perros
domésticos de las zonas señaladas, con el fin de dar a conocer: La
relación entre el medio ambiente-helmintos-y hospederos,
prevalencia de las helmintiasis intestinales desatendidas, asociación
zoonótica, caracterización de variables ambientales, especificación de
determinantes sociales de salud y generar producción científica.
Palabras clave: cultivo; efectos; indicadores de crecimiento;
producción; tratamientos.
Introduction
Nowadays, the tension to reduce the burden of chemical agricultural
inputs in plant-based foods has increased, so in September 2015, more
than 150 world leaders adopted a transformative and globally relevant
agenda for sustainable development, and committed to work together
for the benefit of today's and tomorrow's generations Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2015). A
paradigm shift in vision, approach and ambition to change this reality,
because of how detrimental the use of agrochemicals, including
insecticides and herbicides, can be, resulting in potential habitat
degradation within agricultural areas (Chuquitarco, et al, 2021,p.311).
Before thinking about fertilizer application, all available sources of
nutrients should be used, for example cow dung, pig manure, chicken
manure, vegetable waste, straw, corn stover and other organic materials
(Di Rienzo, et al, 2008). However, these should be composted and
Use of organic fertilizers in the production of Capsicum annuum L. in the western mountain range
of the Andes.
26
decomposed before application to the soil, in which case the crop
response is extraordinary, with yield increases of up to 10 times in some
cases. Helping the biological activity and facilitating the root
development of the plants. So that (Luna, et al, 2015,p.54) explained
that these organic fertilizers have generated as a result healthy and
vigorous plants that offer higher total production per vegetable crop
area.
The cultivation of peppers is a vegetable of great global consumption
that in recent years has experienced a considerable increase in
production and export level for many countries, which highlights the
importance in the diet of millions of people in the world, planted and
cultivated in the provinces of Guayas, Santa Elena, Manabi,
Chimborazo, Loja and Imbabura (Brechelt, 2004, p.36). The demand
for organically grown vegetables today is becoming more and more
demanded; therefore, new alternatives are sought to adjust to the
markets and direct consumers, with sustainable methods of healthy
production, focused on nourishing the soil, as well as the crops and
achieving the highest yields in production (Gavilánes, et al.,
2017,p.432).
Based on this background, the objective of this research was to
determine the effect of earthworm humus and water hyacinth (organic
fertilizers), at different doses, on the growth indicators of the bell
pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L.). The variables analyzed were: plant
height, number of fruits and fruit biomass analyzed through different
years.
Materials and methods
The research was carried out at the Experimental Center "La Playita",
Technical University of Cotopaxi, La Maná Extension; located at an
altitude of 120 meters above sea level. It should be noted that the study
was carried out during 5 years corresponding to 2012-2016; however,
Table 3, 4 and 5 show the disparity of doses of organic fertilizers (worm
humus and water hyacinth), used in each year corresponding to the
variables analyzed.
October - December vol. 1. Num. 19 - 2023
27
Table 1. Climatic conditions of the canton La Maná province of
Cotopaxi Ecuador, recorded through the years 2012-2016.
Parameters
Averages
2012
2014
2015
2016
Temperature (°C)
26,00
25,47
24,55
24,00
Relative
humidity (%)
86,83
85,84
89,00
88,00
Heliophany
(daylight hours-
year )
-1
735,70
898,66
736,60
570,30
Precipitation
(mm-yr )
-1
3.029,30
2.223,85
2.854,00
2.761,00
Source: National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (INAMHI).
Within the research management, the application of two organic
fertilizers, worm humus and water hyacinth, was studied, considering
the base dose of application (5.0 kg-m-²) according to literary theories,
in this framework, low and high levels were tested according to the
results obtained. The doses evaluated were 5.0 kg-m-² (years 2012-
2013), 1.0 and 3.5 kg-m-² (year 2014), 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5 kg-m-² (year
2015), 6.0 and 8.0 kg-m-² (year 2016), applied during soil preparation.
The evaluations of the variables were carried out on eight plants of each
repetition, analyzed at 65, 80 and 95 days after transplanting, and were:
plant height (cm), number of fruits and fruit biomass (g). During the
vegetative preparation, a seedbed was made where the seeds were
placed 1 cm deep in the coconut fiber substrate, and the trays were
covered with plastic, as a greenhouse, so that the seeds could reach a
temperature of 15 °C required for germination. Transplanting was
carried out after 45 days, when the plants had an average height of 10
cm. During vegetative development until production was reached, a
traditional agronomic management required by the bell pepper crop was
applied.
Use of organic fertilizers in the production of Capsicum annuum L. in the western mountain range
of the Andes.
28
Table 2. Soil analysis before planting at La Playita Experimental
Center 2012-2016.
Parameters
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
pH
5.10 acid
5.80 acid
5.70 acid
5.90 acid
7.00 neutral
M.O. (%)
5.00 medium
4.20 average
5.60 high
5.70 high
6.00 high
NH
4
(ppm)
33.00
average
35.00 half
26.00 average
33.00 average
27.00 average
P (ppm)
73.00 high
25.00 under
74.00 high
31.00 high
79.00 high
K (cmol-kg )
-1
0.70 high
0.60 high
0.31 average
0.41 high
0.31 average
Ca (cmol-kg )
-1
5.50 low
7.00 half
11.00 high
9.00 high
8.00 high
Mg (cmol-kg )
-1
1.40 average
1.10 average
1.30 average
1.50 half
1.20 average
S (ppm)
12.00 half
14.00 half
20,00 high
13.00 half
23,00 high
Zn (ppm)
5.30 medium
1.70 low
4.30 medium
4.50 half
5.30 medium
Cu (ppm)
6.90 high
6.90 high
6.60 high
6.10 high
5, 60 high
Fe (ppm)
78.90 under
108.00 high
114.00 high
153.00 high
132.00 high
Mn (ppm)
3.00 low
4.00 low
4.30 low
3.60 low
5.00 medium
B (ppm)
0.40 low
0.24 low
0.29 low
0.18 low
0.29 low
Texture
Clay loam
Clay loam
Franco
Arenoso
Franco
Arenoso
Franco
A completely randomized block design (CRBD) and Tukey's multiple
range test at 5% probability were used for the comparison of means
between treatments. Statistical analyses were performed with the free
license program InfoStat 2019.
Result
Table 3 highlighted high averages in plant height with doses of 8 kg-m-
² with an average of 59.27 cm in water hyacinth and earthworm humus
with 50.13 cm in 2016, as for the other doses evaluated, according to
October - December vol. 1. Num. 19 - 2023
29
(Márquez, et al, 2013, p.55) organic fertilization in high doses increased
plant length and height, as did doses of 9 kg-m-². (Hernández, et al,
2013,p.61), showed a probable explanation, since the higher the
concentration of organic fertilizer, the greater the activation of
microorganisms in the soil, helping the recovery of soil bases, also as
mentioned by (Castellanos et al, 2000,p.215) the absorption of nutrients
was more efficient, and when evaluating the application of humus in
relation to the increase in plant height, the main function of the
fertilizers was their action as growth regulators.
Table 3. Effect of the dose of organic fertilizers on the variable plant
height of Capsicum annuum L. in the western cordillera of the Andes,
Ecuador, analyzed in different years.
Plant height (cm)
Treatments
Dose
(kg-m
-
²)
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Earthworm
humus
5,00
38,72
a
39,99
a
1,00
35,92
a
3,00
38,84
a
5,00
37,30
a
2,50
42,66
b
5,00
43,00
b
7,50
39,58
a
6,00
44,49
b
8,00
50,13
ab
Water hyacinth
5,00
34,37
a
41,19
b
1,00
36,71
a
3,00
37,38
a
5,00
36,72
a
2,50
57,03
ab
Use of organic fertilizers in the production of Capsicum annuum L. in the western mountain range
of the Andes.
30
5,00
58,14
ab
7,50
58,88
ab
6,00
49,15
b
8,00
59,27
ab
CV (%)
24,98
10,64
9,99
13,42
15,88
a,b
Means in the same column with different superscripts represented
statistical differences according to Tukey's test (P<0.05).
(Santamaría, et al, 2010,p.337) and Ortega et al. (2016) proved that
organic fertilizers raised the cation exchange capacity, had a high
content of humic acids, and increased the moisture retention capacity
and porosity; also, (Arteaga, et al, 2017,p.66) analyzed that it facilitated
soil drainage and growth media, this helping to nourish the soil both to
crops. Research conducted by (Lozano-Fernandez et al. 2022) in poor
soils and with scarce nutrients recommended that the higher the
application dose the greater the result in morphometric variables,
corroborated by (Ramos, et al, 2014,p.52) who mentioned that the
application of organic matter helped to increase the populations of
bacteria, actinomycetes and beneficial fungi in the soil, as well as the
physical and chemical properties of the soil; likewise, (Mena,
2021,p.101) concluded on the positive influence that these had on the
soil and crops.
In the variable number of fruits, the worm humus (OM) treatment stood
out with an average of 8.25 cm; however, water hyacinth showed a
lower value with an average of 8.07 cm when using a dose of 8 and 5
kg-m-² (table 4). According to (Muñoz et al, 2014, p.27) the organic
fertilizers were coadjuvants for the soil, to prove it, before their
application, it was necessary to perform a soil analysis with the
objective of making the application to improve the soil, according to
the macro and micro elements needed, evidenced through the results
obtained in crops with greater and better flowering, influencing
significantly in a greater production of more accentuated fruits.
According to (Reyes et al, 2009,p.57) when evaluating organic
fertilizers, it was found that water hyacinth was the most efficient in
terms of the variable number of fruits. Palma (2013) and (Muñoz et al,
October - December vol. 1. Num. 19 - 2023
31
2014,p.27) analyzed that the effects of organic fertilizer (water
hyacinth) influenced the number of fruits of the crop, due to the
nutrients they provided, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and
calcium in the medium and long term, considering that organic
fertilizers had residual effect whose duration depended on the speed at
which they degraded.
Similar results were presented by (Lution, 2012, p.14) in the production
of radish, when applying compost of 5 kg-m-², obtained high averages
in terms of the number of fruits compared to when doses of 1.2 kg-m-²
were applied. Fertilab (2021) mentioned that the organic fertilizers used
in different doses made variability play an important role in channeling
the appropriate dosages depending on soil and agro-climatic factors.
Table 4. Effect of the dose of organic fertilizers on the variable number
of fruits of Capsicum annuum L. in the western cordillera of the Andes,
Ecuador, analyzed in different years.
Number of fruit
Treatments
Dose
(kg-m
-
²)
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Earthworm humus
5,00
1,99
a
3,55
a
1,00
6,33
b
3,00
6,08
b
5,00
8,25
ab
2,50
6,03
b
5,00
6,28
b
7,50
6,88
b
6,00
7,67
b
8,00
7,33
b
Water hyacinth
5,00
2,19
a
3,48
a
1,00
7,50
b
3,00
7,17
b
5,00
6,08
b
2,50
7,63
b
5,00
6,91
b
7,50
7,09
b
Use of organic fertilizers in the production of Capsicum annuum L. in the western mountain range
of the Andes.
32
6,00
7,00
b
8,00
8,07
ab
CV (%)
14,60
17,88
22,51
13,42
34,43
a,b
Means in the same column with different superscripts represent
statistical differences according to Tukey's test (P<0.05).
As shown in Table 5, the fruit biomass variable presented slightly
higher numerical values when applying the water hyacinth treatment
with doses of 5 m² and 101.05 g, followed by plants fertilized with
earthworm humus with 95.52 g, with doses 5 kg-m-², according to
Rodríguez and Flóres, (2004) organic fertilizers also acted as plant
hormones (phytohormones), which when applied increased the number,
quality of roots and vigor of the plant, thus a higher quality in fruit
biomasses. (Reyes, et al, 2017, p.57) and (Reyes, et al, 2017, p.88)
mentioned that these fertilizers influenced plant development;
therefore, the fruit biomass variable depended on the growth process in
which the plant was exposed.
Jaramillo (2012) stated that worm humus is a varied organic fertilizer
and due to its functionality, it can be used as a source of nutrients to
improve the growth and biomass of fruits in crops and it was also used
to recover soils with physical degradation problems; compaction,
surface sealing and poor drainage.
Soria (2013) in his field work obtained better results with a combination
of 50% earthworm humus and 50% water hyacinth, because it helped
the initial development of the plant through the biological reactivation
of the soil, this allowed the absorption of nutrients through the root
system, strengthening the production and quality of the fruit, agreeing
with Tenecela (2012) who pointed out that humus and water hyacinth
was a very successful combination.
On the other hand, (Hernández, et al, 2013,p.56) indicated that the
preparations of organic fertilizers in high concentrations influenced
fruit quality, since they increased the content of organic acids and
minerals, which accelerated fruit ripening. The results of the present
study coincided with those reported by (Amachuy, 2013,p.121) who
determined that organic fertilizers at doses of 8 and 6 kg-m-² increased
the length, number, diameter and fresh biomass of the fruits.
October - December vol. 1. Num. 19 - 2023
33
Table 5. Effect of the dose of organic fertilizers on the variable fruit
biomass (g) of Capsicum annuum L. in the western cordillera of the
Andes, Ecuador, analyzed in different years.
Fruit biomass (g)
Treatments
Dose
(kg-m
-
²)
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Earthworm humus
5,00
95,52
b
83,02
a
1,00
84,82
a
3,00
82,95
a
5,00
84,11
a
2,50
76,60
a
5,00
78,32
a
7,50
55,36
a
6,00
89,33
a
8,00
80,20
a
Water hyacinth
5,00
101,05
ab
78,31
a
1,00
85,10
a
3,00
82,10
a
5,00
86,37
a
2,50
79,75
a
5,00
81,74
a
7,50
83,94
a
6,00
90,60
b
8,00
92,80
b
CV (%)
17,11
15,06
15,38
15,06
24,65
a,b
Means in the same column with different superscripts represented
statistical differences according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The application of organic fertilizers at doses of 5 and 8 kg-m-² showed
superior results with respect to the rest of the treatments, favorably
increasing the physical and chemical properties for the adequate
development of the crops. These doses increase the organic matter
Use of organic fertilizers in the production of Capsicum annuum L. in the western mountain range
of the Andes.
34
content of the soil and therefore the organic carbon content, which leads
to an improvement in bulk density and thus total porosity.
The incorporation of water hyacinth (organic fertilizer) presents higher
yields according to the established variables, besides maintaining the
physical characteristics of the soil, forming aggregates and giving
structural stability, joining the clays and forming the exchange
complex, favoring the penetration of water and its retention, decreasing
erosion and favoring gas exchange. Within the biological
characteristics it improves the edaphic fauna in charge of carrying out
the existing microbiological activity in the soil, fulfilling an important
role in agriculture, besides that they also contribute to the formation of
the soil.
The incorporation of different organic fertilizers in different doses has
sustainably increased soil organic matter at the end of each crop. The
evolution of humic substances as a result of the incorporation of worm
humus and water hyacinth is varied and is affected by edaphic and
climatic conditions, which are referents of the processes of evolution,
structural stability, and degree of humification of OM.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi,
Extension La Maná, especially the teachers and students of the
Agronomy Engineering Career, who significantly supported the
research and writing of the manuscript, as well as the students of the
Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo for their contributions.
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