Dasometric evaluation of Tectona grandis L. f. plantations in the cantons of
Balzar, Guayas and Pichincha, Manabí
Evaluación dasométrica de plantaciones de Tectona grandis L. f., en los cantones Balzar,
Guayas y Pichincha, Manabí
Cesar Alberto Cabrera-Verdesoto
Master's Degree, Forestry Engineering
Career, Universidad Estatal del Sur de
Manabí, Jipijapa-Ecuador
cesar.cabrera@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5101-3520
Rosa Lisbeth Cely-Bravo
Master, Independent Forestry Consultant,
Chone, Ecuador, rosacely@gmail.com,
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-4506
Marco Pedro Ramos-Rodriguez
Master's Degree, Forestry Engineering
Career, Universidad Estatal del Sur de
Manabí, Jipijapa-Ecuador
marcoramos@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0992-8414
Jesús de los Santos Pinargote-Chóez
Master's Degree, Forestry Engineering
Career, Universidad Estatal del Sur de
Manabí, Jipijapa-Ecuador
Santos.pinargote@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1136-
3125
Yovanny Ramón Buste-Ponce
Master, Operations Manager "Grupo
Siembra". Operadora Forestal "Los
Causes", Balzar-Ecuador,
ybuste@hotmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-
1492
Abstract
The research was carried out to evaluate the dasometric development of Tectona grandis L. f. plantations
in San Agustín farm, Balzar - Guayas, and Río Grande farm, Pichincha - Manabí, the objective was to
cesar.cabrera@unesum.edu.ec
http://centrosuragraria.com/index.php/revista, Published by: Edwards Deming Institute,
Quito - Ecuador, January - March vol. 1. Num. 12, 2022, This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons License, Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es
Received Febrary 17, 2021
Approved: March 22, 2021
60
evaluate dasometrically Tectona grandis plantations in Balzar, Guayas and Pichincha, Manabí. The
object of study was established as Tectona grandis plantations, in the field study the descriptive method
was applied, which allowed obtaining data related to the growth of diameter, height and volume, with a
sampling intensity of 0.89% in the San Agustin farm and 0.75% in the Rio Grande farm, the plots in
which the evaluations of the trees were carried out were square of 576 m
2
., which allowed determining
the average annual increment of the trees, which allowed determining the average annual increase in
diameter, height and volume in the period (2018 - 2019), which presented variations in the development
of individuals, this was caused by inadequate silvicultural management, the soil is optimal for the growth
of Tectona grandis in both farms because they are fertile soils.
Keyword: growth, increment, plantations, forestry, soil.
.
Resumen
La investigación se realizó para evaluar el desarrollo dasométrico de las plantaciones de Tectona grandis
L. f. de la hacienda San Agustín, Balzar - Guayas, y hacienda Río Grande, Pichincha - Manabí, el
objetivo fue evaluar dasométricamente plantaciones de Tectona grandis en los cantones Balzar, Guayas
y Pichincha, Manabí. Se estableció el objeto de estudio las plantaciones de Tectona grandis, en el estudio
de campo se aplicó el método descriptivo, que permitió obtener datos relacionados en el crecimiento del
diámetro, altura y volumen, con una intensidad de muestreo de 0,89% en la hacienda San Agustín y
0,75% en la hacienda Río Grande, las parcelas en las que se realizaron las evaluaciones de los árboles
eran cuadradas de 576 m
2
, lo cual permitió determinar el incremento medio anual del diámetro, altura y
volumen en el periodo (2018 - 2019), las cuales presentaron variaciones en el desarrollo de los
individuos, esto se produjo por un inadecuado manejo silvicultural, el suelo es óptimo para el
crecimiento de la Tectona grandis en ambas haciendas por ser suelos fértiles.
Palabras clave: Crecimiento, incremento, plantaciones, silvicultura, suelo.
.
Introduction
Tectona grandis is one of the world's premier hardwoods, noted for its light color, excellent fiber and
durability. This species is native to India, Myanmar, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and
Thailand, has acclimatized in Java (Indonesia), where it was probably introduced 400 to 600 years ago,
and is also established throughout tropical Asia, tropical Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean.
(Rivera, 2011).
The forestry sector (plantations, native forests) the few existing plantations reflect its importance, a
report of the MAE 2010, indicates that 80% of the raw material used is from forest plantations, mainly
teak, balsa and laurel on the coast pine, eucalyptus, in the mountains. Therefore, it is not explained how
it insists on maintaining a policy of sustainable management of forests for harvesting, thus forest
engineers, it is time to echo that engineering comes from "ingenius" to demonstrate creativity, values
and commitment to the sustainability of the forest, (Lopez y Muñoz, 2017). Current production of
Tectona grandis timber does not meet the world's ever-increasing demand. The current supply is far
below the market need compared to other hardwood species such as Eucalyptus and Acacia. (Barrantes,
Chaves,& Vinueza, 2018). Limiting factors that may explain the low supply in tropical countries
include: adaptability to edaphic factors, availability of land suitable for plantations, and low knowledge
of the crop's nutritional needs and dynamics. (Acevedo, 2015).
Cabrera-Verdesoto et al, 2022
January - March vol. 1. Num. 12 2022
Ecuador is a country with a diversity of regions suitable for the development of forestry plantations,
with a wide range of natural resources, very fertile soils, appropriate agro-ecological conditions,
competitive and climatic advantages, and one of the productive sectors with the greatest potential for
development and growth. (Espinoza, 2014).
Over time, it has been observed that the species adapts very well to Ecuadorian soils and climate with
promising growth results; to date, it is estimated that there are more than 30,000 hectares of teak in
Ecuador in the provinces of Guayas, Los Ríos, Manabí Esmeralda and the Amazon region. (De Camino
& Morales, 2013).
The cultivation of Tectona grandis can be established on a wide variety of soils and geological
formations, but the best growth occurs in deep, porous, fertile, well-drained alluvial soils with neutral
or acidic pH. In the province of Manabi, for example, the sectors of Carmen, Flavio Alfaro and
Pichincha are the sectors that offer the most favorable conditions, as well as in the province of Guayas.
(Kleinn & Morales, 2010).
The establishment of Tectona grandis plantations in different locations has allowed different results in
terms of growth and development of the species; these experiences in combination with the silvicultural
management of each plantation, defines the production and, therefore, the competitiveness of the
plantations, possibly improving the quality of wood and even reducing the time for its use. During the
research, after evaluating both plantations, it was observed that apparently the Tectona grandis crop
adapts very well and does not present disease problems; however, there were flaws in the management
of the crop, since few people are familiar with adequate silvicultural management. Taking into account
that not all areas offer optimal conditions for establishing plantations of Tectona grandis (Instituto
Nacional de Bosques, 2015).
Materials and methods
The research was carried out at the San Agustín farm in the Balzar canton, Guayas province, and at the
Río Grande farm in the Pichincha canton, Manabí province:
The study areas are 109 ha San Agustin farm and 129 ha Rio Grande farm where there are fifteen (15)
permanent rectangular plots in each farm, 24m wide by 25m long, 576m
2
, the same that are
systematically, the age of the last measurement to carry out the research is 4 years.
62
Figure 1. Study area of the San Agustín farm in Balzar canton, Guayas province.
Figure 2. Study area of the Rio Grande farm in the canton of Pichincha, province of Manabí.
Cabrera-Verdesoto et al, 2022
January - March vol. 1. Num. 12 2022
Sample'selection!
Sampling units were identified in the plots of both farms with the same dimension, shape and sampling
intensity of 0.89% in the San Agustín farm and 0.75% in the Río Grande farm, the plots in which the
evaluations of the planted trees were carried out are rectangular. The data were collected in field sheets
and then tabulated in an Office Excel spreadsheet applying the formula to calculate volume and to
calculate the growth of the Average Annual Increase and Annual Periodic Increase, the division of the
number of years of the plantation by the dasometric variables (diameter, height and volume) was used
and then processed in the statistical software INFOSTAT.
Within this research project to obtain the sampling intensity calculation the following formula was
applied: (Pionce, Suatunce, Pionce & Ortega, 2018).
𝑈𝑀=
𝑛%𝑥%100
𝑁
Where:
UM= Sampling Unit
N= Population size
n= Sample size
Distribution'of'sampling'plots'
For the distribution of the plots, a grid was used at the scale of the farm sketch, the number of points
was located, each one representing a plot in reference to the sampling intensity. Each plot is distributed
at 250 m in a systematic way.
Shape'and'size'of'plots'
In commercial forestry plantations, it has been found that there is an optimum reaction between
sampling efficiency and consumptions when the plot includes between 15 and 20 trees. (Merino, 2010).
Considering this principle, the plot size used is shown.
Table 1. Processing data for the plots at the Balzar and Pichincha sites.
Square plot
24 m x 24 m
833
48
576 m
2
64
'
Accuracy,'reliability'and'sampling'intensity'
It is advisable to use a sampling intensity from 0.005% when there are areas of 50 ha or more. However,
in small plantations (1 to 6 ha) the size of the sampling error is very high and a larger number of plots
is required to obtain adequately representative estimates. (Otzen & Manterola, 2017).
For this research, the sampling intensity applied was 0.89% San Agustín and 0.75% Río Grande,
respectively, with 15 plots distributed in each of the farms at 250 m between plots.
The distance between plots was obtained based on the following formula:
𝐷=
+
𝐴
𝑃
Where:
D= The distance between plots
A= The area of the plantation in square meters (m
2
)
P= Number of plots to be sampled according to sampling intensity
The Tectona grandis plantations were established in 2015, with a spread of 3 m between plants and 4
m between rows, from which the 576 m plots were sized
2
, this methodology considers quantitative
aspects by measuring the dasometric variables: diameter, height and volume.
The plantation is established at (3 m x 4 m) (833 trees/ha).
Variable!to!evaluate!!
Diameter'
For the evaluation of diameter (cm), the first step was to identify the plots located in the San Agustin
and Rio Grande farms. Once the plots were identified, the selected trees were evaluated from the base
of the tree up to 1.30 m in height with the help of a diametric tape.
Height'
The Haglof Vertex IV hypsometer was used for this variable. This instrument provides reliable height
measurements and is used by Grupo Siembra's technicians when conducting forest inventories.
Volume''
For this evaluation the form factor of 0.6 (established by Grupo Siembra) was used, once the data was
obtained the volume (m
3
) was determined using the following formula: (Indio, 2017).
Cabrera-Verdesoto et al, 2022
January - March vol. 1. Num. 12 2022
𝑉=𝐴𝐵∗𝐻∗𝐹𝑐%
(1)
Where:
V= Volume
AB= Basal area
H= Height
Fc= Form factor
Average'annual'increase'(AAR)'
In the determination of this variable, the behavior of the individuals from one year to the next in the
development of diameter, height and volume was evaluated using the following education: (Imaña &
Encinas, 2008).
𝐼𝑀𝐴=𝑌
!
/𝑡
"
(2)
Where:
AAR= Average annual increase
t
o
= Age from time zero
Y = dimension of the variable under consideration
In the case of volume:
𝐼𝑀𝐴=%
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛_𝑑𝑒𝑙_𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙
𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑
Annual'percentage'increase'(PPI)'
The annual periodic increment was determined for the period (2016 - 2019) using the following
equation (Imaña & Encinas, 2008).
𝐼𝑃𝐴=%(𝑌
(
! $%
)
−𝑌
!
)/𝑛
(3)
Where:
PPI= annual periodic increase
Y= dimension of the variable under consideration
t= age
66
n= period of time
In the case of volume:
𝐼𝑃𝐴=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛_𝑒𝑚2019−𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛_𝑒𝑚2016
4_𝑎ñ𝑜𝑠
Soil'analysis'
For the collection of the soil samples, two calicatas (0.50 cm x 0.50 cm) wide and 1 m deep were made,
with the help of a hole-opening shovel and a hand shovel the samples were collected and then placed
in polyethylene bags with zip closure, once the samples were obtained, each one was labeled with its
respective codification. The samples were taken to the soil analysis laboratory of the Estación
Experimental Tropical Pichilingue (INIAP), to perform the respective analysis and determine the
physical and chemical characteristics of the soil of both plantations.
Result
Growth of Tectona grandis plantations at the San Agustín and Río Grande farms in 2019.
Basal area growth
Basal area growth in 2019 in Tectona grandis plantations on the San Agustin farm was 8.61 m
2
and
11.46 m
2
on the Rio Grande farm, with a difference of 2.85 m
2
in basal development between
plantations.
Diameter growth
In 2019, the diameter growth in the Tectona grandis plantations at the San Agustín farm was 15.36 cm
and 15.58 cm at the Río Grande farm, obtaining a similar development between the plantations.
Height growth
The results obtained in the evaluations corresponding to the height for 2019 at the San Agustín farm
were 13.70 m and 14.38 m at the Río Grande farm, where a difference of 0.68 m in height can be
observed between the plantations.
Volume growth
The results obtained in the evaluations corresponding to volume growth in 2019 at the San Agustín
farm were 70.74 m
3
and 98.85 m
3
at the Río Grande farm; a difference of 28.11 m
3
in volume between
the plantations can be observed.
Average annual increase for the San Agustin and Rio Grande farms
The results were obtained by applying equation (2) where the average annual increase in diameter,
height and volume in 2018 - 2019 was evaluated.
Cabrera-Verdesoto et al, 2022
January - March vol. 1. Num. 12 2022
Average annual increase in diameter
The results of the average annual increase in diameter in 2018 - 2019, showed a decrease of 0.14 cm in
the San Agustin farm, and an increase of 0.01 cm in the Rio Grande farm, the decrease in the San
Agustin farm was due to the burns on the property and the poor application of phytosanitary thinning.
Average annual height increase
The results of the average annual increase in height in the year 2018 - 2019, there was a decrease of
0.12 m in the San Agustin farm, and an increase of 0.46 m in the Rio Grande farm, as can be seen the
Rio Grande farm obtained a greater average annual increase in height.
Average annual volume increase
The results of the average annual increase in volume in 2018 - 2019, presented an increase of 1.58 m
3
in the San Agustin farm, and an increase of 8.96 m
3
in the Rio Grande farm, as can be seen the Rio
Grande farm obtained a higher average annual increase in volume.
Periodic annual increase of the San Agustín and Rio Grande estates
The results were obtained by applying equation (3) where the annual periodic increase in diameter,
height and volume in the period (2016 - 2019) was evaluated.
Periodic increase in diameter
The results of the periodic increase in diameter in the period 2016 - 2019, showed a decrease of 1.15
cm in the San Agustin farm, the Rio Grande farm showed a decrease of 2.68 cm, the reasons for these
decreases were due to the burns that occurred on the property and the poor application of phytosanitary
thinning.
Periodic increase in height
The results of the periodic increase in diameter in the period 2016 - 2019, presented an increase of 1.43
m in the San Agustin farm, the Rio Grande farm presented an increase of 1.02 m, the results obtained
show that the San Agustin farm presented greater development in height.
Periodic volume increase
The results of the periodic increase in volume in the period 2016 - 2019, presented an increase of 0.33
m
3
in the San Agustin farm, the Rio Grande farm obtained an increase of 35.1 m
3
, in the results obtained
show that the Rio Grande farm obtained a superior development in relation to the San Agustin farm.
Soil analysis
With the soil samples collected at the San Agustin and Rio Grande farms, high, medium and low
percentages of soil chemicals were obtained, the results of which are detailed below:
68
Table 2: Soil analysis of the San Agustín plantation, Balzar canton, Guayas province.
Lot 1
pH
Ppm
Mg/100ml
Ppm
Texture
N
P
Ca
Mg
K
Faith
Cu
Mn
Zn
5,2
13B
14M
12A
2,5A
0,72A
273A
7,5M
16,6M
5,6M
Clayey
Legend: (A): high, (M): medium, (B): low.
Table 3: Soil analysis of the Rio Grande plantation, Pichincha canton, Manabi province.
Lot
2
pH
Ppm
Mg/100ml
Ppm
Texture
N
P
Ca
Mg
K
Faith
Cu
Mn
Zn
5,3
17B
14M
15A
3,6A
0,58A
247A
11,6M
17,6M
4,7M
Clay
loam
Legend: (A): high, (M): medium, (B): low.
The result of the soil analysis of the San Agustín farm shows a clay texture, with a pH of 5.2, the
nutrients that presented a high level were: Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Iron (Fe),
the nutrients with a low level were: Nitrogen (N). The Río Grande farm has a clay loam texture, with a
pH of 5.3, the nutrients with a high level were: Phosphorus (P), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Zinc
(Zn), the nutrient with a low level was: Nitrogen (N). The macronutrients Calcium (Ca), Magnesium
(Mg) and Potassium (K), the higher the quantity, the higher the degree of soil fertility and the
development of the species T. grandis, in the San Agustin and Rio Grande farms, being these fertile
soils with a neutral toxicity level according to the data obtained in relation to Iron (Fe) and Manganese
(Mn).
In the 2019 dasometric evaluation of Tectona grandis plantations, with 6 years, the diameter growth
was 15.36 cm in the San Agustin farm and 15.58 cm in the Rio Grande farm. Telles (2016) obtained
results in Tectona grandis stands of 7 and 11 years established with average diameters of 14.72 cm and
16.01 cm, similar to the results obtained in the San Agustin and Rio Grande plantations.
Height growth was 13.70 m at Hacienda San Agustín and 14.38 m at Hacienda Río Grande. Lopez,
Montilla, Solano, Belezaca & Nuñez (2019) obtained heights of 9.61 m at 6 years and 10.61 m at 7
years, which differs from the results obtained at the San Agustín and Río Grande farms. Camacho,
Ramírez, De los Santos & Zamudio (2013) obtained results at heights of 10 m and 15 m, which differed
from the results obtained at the San Agustín and Río Grande farms.
Volume growth on the San Agustin farm was 70.74 m
3
/ha and 98.85 m
3
/ha on the Rio Grande farm.
Ladrach & Zobel (2009) obtained a volumetric growth of 153.10 m
3
/ha and Suatunce, Díaz & García
obtained a volumetric growth of 153.10 m /ha. (2010) obtained a volumetric growth of 195.67 m
3
/ha
in 7 and 10 year old stands at a density of 6 x 6, this differs with the results obtained between the San
Agustin and Rio Grande farms. Casal, Vásquez, Cetina & Campos (2016) evaluated forest plantations
in three communities of the Mixteca Alta Oaxaqueña and determined that the volume of Tectona
grandis individuals was 11 m
3
, lower than the results obtained from the San Agustín and Rio Grande
Cabrera-Verdesoto et al, 2022
January - March vol. 1. Num. 12 2022
plantations. Armijos (2013)carried out volumetric tables in three plantations of Tectona grandis and
determined that the plantations obtained a real volume of 201.90 m
3
/ha, higher than the results obtained
from the San Agustin and Rio Grande plantations.
The average annual diameter increase for the San Agustin and Rio Grande farms in the period 2018 -
2019 was 0.14 cm/year and 0.01 cm/year. Ramirez (2017) determined the mean annual increment in 60
permanent plots of Tectona grandis with ranges from 1 to 6 years, concluded that the mean annual
increment of diameter ranges from 2.7 cm/year to 3.7 cm/year, higher than the result obtained in the
San Agustin and Rio Grande farms. The average annual increase in height on the San Agustin and Rio
Grande farms was 0.12 m/year and 0.43 m/year. Ramirez (2017) determined the mean annual height
increment in 60 permanent plots of Tectona grandis ranged from 2.00 to 3.28 m/year, higher than those
obtained in the San Agustin and Rio Grande farms. The average annual increase in volume in the San
Agustín and Río Grande farms was 1.58 m/year/ha and 8.96 m/year/ha.
33
Ramirez, (2017) determined
the average annual volume increase in 60 permanent plots of Tectona grandis ranges from 2.7 to 9.7 m
3
/year/ha, with differences with the results obtained in the San Agustin and Rio Grande farms.
(Figueroa, 2018) The study showed the relationship of the volumetric increase of Tectona grandis with
the genetic origin, in which it stands out with 0.62 m
3
/year/ha in the volumetric valuation, a lower
result than that obtained in the San Agustín and Río Grande farms.
Periodic diameter increment at the San Agustín and Río Grande farms was 1.15 cm/ha and 2.68 cm/ha.
Muñoz, Coria, García & Balam (2009) obtained results of 5.10 cm in diameter, higher than those
obtained in the San Agustín and Río Grande farms, which were 1.43 m/ha and 1.02 m/ha. Ladrach &
Zobel (2009) and Suatunce et al, (2010) carried out research at three different sites and stipulated
different height developments, giving average results of 2.8 m; 1.3 m; 5.36 m, higher than the results
obtained at the San Agustín and Río Grande farms. The periodic increase in volume between the San
Agustín and Río Grande farms was 0.33 m/ha/year.
3
Ojeda (2011) determined the site index in three
plantations of T. grandis of the company Rey Banano del Pacifico, where they obtained significant
volume results of 57.10 m
3
/ha/year. This is higher than the annual periodic increase in volume of the
San Agustin and Rio Grande plantations.
The soil analysis carried out in the Tectona grandis plantations in the San Agustín and Río Grande
farms, obtained a clayey and clay loam texture, respectively. Salcedo, Ruiz, Hernández, Cruz, Bernabé,
Orozco, Ramírez, Anzaldo & Delgado (2018) demonstrated that Tectona grandis plantations develop
better in clay loam textures, and that it has the particularity of adapting to a great variety of soils. Balám,
Gómez, Vargas, Aldrete & Obrador (2015) established that southeastern Mexico is a region of high
potential for the establishment of commercial forestry plantations due to the clay texture of the soil in
the area studied. This shows that the San Agustin and Rio Grande farms have similar soils to the studies
carried out by the other authors. The pH of the soil in the San Agustín and Río Grande farms was 5.2
and 5.3. The study by Mollinedo, Ugalde, Alvarado, Verjans & Rudy (2005) determined the pH value
of the soil in permanent plots of Tectona grandis where they obtained variations in pH of 4.90 and 5.95,
considering them as moderately acid values, this study shows that there are differences with the pH
presented by the San Agustín and Río Grande farms. Ypushima, Salcedo, Manríquez, Silva, Zamora &
Hernández (2014) determined the soil pH in a plantation of T. grandis located in Veracruz and Nayarit,
Mexico where they obtained pH values of 4.14 and 5.12 respectively, this study shows pH values lower
than the results obtained in the San Agustín and Río Grande plantations.
70
Conclusions
It was determined that the average annual increase in diameters, height and volume in the period (2018
- 2019) in the Tectona grandis plantations of the San Agustin and Rio Grande farms, which presented
variations in the development of individuals, due to the little silvicultural management carried out in
the plantations.
The estimation of the periodic increment in the period (2016 - 2019) in the Tectona grandis plantations
of the San Agustin and Rio Grande estates presented differences in diameter, height and volume, due
to poor silvicultural management (burning, poorly applied thinning) that have existed in the plantations
of the two estates.
The soil that exists in the forest plantations of the San Agustin and Rio Grande farms determined that
they are fertile soils with an optimum pH, clay and clay loam texture and nutrients such as calcium,
magnesium and potassium in high levels for the development of Tectona grandis in both plantations,
the higher the content of these nutrients the better the soil fertility.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the "Grupo Siembra" for their support with their forest plantations at the San
Agustín and Río Grande farms, as well as all the authors for the study carried out.
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